HOW TO WRITE AN INTRODUCTION AND CONCLUSION PARAGRAPHS 
Cách viết Mở bài và Kết bài cho bài viết học thuật 
IELTS Writing 

INTRODUCTION

- Background (When)

   + Today/ Nowadays/ These days/ These years/ In recent years/ Recently    

   +  In the 21st century/ In the modern society/ In the modern world,   

   + As is commonly understood/ It is common today that..../ There is a fact that..../ It is true that.... 

- Detailed background (How - Where)

    + This can be seen that …/ There is some evidence that…/ It is evident to suggest that.... 

    + Worldwide/ Globally/ All over the world/ In the world/ Around the world/ In many parts of the world 

- Thesis (Your opinion)

    + I think/ I suppose/ I believe/ I assume 

    + In my opinion/ In my view/ From my viewpoint/ From my point of view/ To my mind/ From my standpoint

    + It is believed that/ It is said that/ It is thought that/ It is argued that... 

- Outline (Controlling ideas)

     + ... will be analyzed clearly in this essay.

     + This will be proven by analyzing A and B.      

     + This will be shown by taking into account A and B.  .

CONCLUSION

- Summary

+ In short, / In conclusion,/ To sum up,/ On the summary/ All in all, / To conclude,

- Emphasis on your opinion

+ As has been proven/ As has been shown.../ It has now been shown...

- Prediction/suggestion/ recommendation

+ It is expected that... / It is anticipated that.../ It is predicted that... 

+ Will 

+ Should 

SAMPLE